Attachment 2: GHG Emissions Quantification Methodologies The following table lists various sources of GHG emissions as well as potential quantification methodologies and mitigation options for each source. These emissions sources can be evaluated quantitatively or qualitatively to address greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Not all categories must be quantified or mitigated. GHG Emission Sources On-Road Mobile Sources Definition and Examples Owned mobile sources operating both within the Proponent's facility and offsite Owned non-road mobile sources used for construction, maintenance, and facility Non-Road operation (e.g. heavy machinery, Mobile Sources maintenance equipment, trains, and boats) Stationary Combustion Industrial Processes Fugitive Emissions On-site combustion emissions from company-owned equipment (e.g. heat and cooling) Non-combustion emissions resulting from certain industrial processes Non-combustion emissions from owned resources (e.g. landfill gases, natural gas transmission, electricity transmission, refrigeration, and air conditioning) Emissions Scope Scope 1 Scope 1 Scope 1 Scope 1 Scope 1 Quantification Methodologies, Tools, and Emission Factors*  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  Seattle Climate Partnership  Ecology  EIA  URBEMIS  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  Seattle Climate Partnership  Ecology  URBEMIS  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  EPA Reporting Rule  EIA  URBEMIS  TCR  EPA Reporting Rule  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  TCR  EPA Reporting Rule  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC Potential Mitigation Options†  Efficient vehicles  Alternative fuel vehicles  Site location  Video conferencing  Efficient vehicles  Alternative fuel vehicles  Site location  Building design and operation  Energy efficiencies  Facility operation  Methane destruction  High-global warming potential gas destruction  Facility operation  Methane destruction  High-global warming potential gas destruction GHG Emission Sources Agricultural Emissions Land Use Change Purchased Electricity and Steam Definition and Examples Non-combustion emissions from agriculture (e.g. manure management, fertilizer application, enteric fermentation, and soil preparation) Emissions from land use changes and aquatic vegetation disturbance, including lost sequestration from forest clearing Scope 1 Scope 1 Off-site emissions produced to generate purchased electricity or steam Scope 2 Combustion emissions from leased or contractor on-road and non-road mobile Construction sources used as part of construction, including off-site haul trucks during construction Emissions produced in the mining, Extraction, harvest, processing, and transportation of Processing, and materials purchased for construction of Transportation the project (e.g. cement, metals, plastics, of Construction wood) Materials Extraction, Processing, and Transportation of Project Feedstocks Emissions From the Future Combustion of Fossil Fuels Emissions Scope Emissions produced in the mining, harvest, processing, and transportation of materials that will be used as feedstocks by the project when operational Emissions that will result from the combustion of fossil fuels transported, distributed or imported as a result of the project (e.g. natural gas pipeline) Scope 3 Scope 3 Scope 3 Scope 3 Quantification Methodologies, Tools, and Emission Factors* Potential Mitigation Options†  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  DOE 1605b  CAR  DOE 1605b  U.S Forest Service  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  CAR  TCR  EPA eGRID  Seattle Climate Partnership  EIA  URBEMIS  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  Ecology  URBEMIS  Methane destruction  Waste reduction  Organic or low input agriculture  IPCC  EPA WARM  Athena  NREL  Sustainable building materials  Waste reduction  Reused building materials  Alternative and renewable fuels  Low carbon shipping modes  Locally sourced materials  Sustainable building materials  Waste reduction  Reused building materials  Alternative and renewable fuels  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  EPA WARM  Athena  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  EPA Reporting Rule  Site design and location  Low impact development  Building design and operation  Energy efficiencies  Efficient vehicles  Alternative fuel vehicles  Site Location  Energy efficiency investments  Alternative and renewable fuels GHG Emission Sources Employee Commute Other Mobile Emissions Water Use and Wastewater Disposal Waste Management Product Use Definition and Examples Combustion emissions from employee commuting both during project construction and operation Mobile emissions from vehicle trips and traffic pattern changes that result from a project (e.g. changes in traffic pattern, customer vehicle emissions, increased commute distances, and emergency services) Combustion and fugitive emissions created to provide water and dispose of wastewater (e.g. pumping energy and POTW fugitive methane) Emissions from off-site solid waste disposal of construction, agriculture, and MSW, including transportation of waste and fugitive emissions from disposal Emissions that result from the use and disposal of products generated for sale by the project, including combustion of fuels manufactured or distributed by the proposed facility Emissions Scope Scope 3 Scope 3 Scope 3 Scope 3 Scope 3 Quantification Methodologies, Tools, and Emission Factors*  TCR  CTR  Seattle Climate Partnership  URBEMIS  Fehr & Peers  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  Seattle Climate Partnership  Ecology  URBEMIS  Fehr & Peers  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  IPCC  CAR  Seattle Climate Partnership  EPA WARM  EPA WARM  TCR  WRI/WBCSD  Seattle Climate Partnership Potential Mitigation Options†  Efficient and alternative fueled vehicles and infrastructure  Site location  Public transit infrastructure and incentives  Bike/ped accessibility  Efficient and alternative fueled vehicles  Site location  Public transit infrastructure and incentives  Bike/ped accessibility  Low impact development  Site location  Methane destruction  Reuse water  Waste reduction  Methane destruction  Low carbon transportation *The following list is illustrative showing some good sources for quantification tools, protocols, and emissions factors that can be used to quantitatively assess emissions from each of these sources. It is not meant to be exhaustive. We are not advocating the use of these methodologies for determining acceptable error rates for assessing emissions. Tools in italics are simple models that can be used to estimate the magnitude of future emissions. †These are general examples of mitigation options for various emissions sources. This list is not meant to be comprehensive. Quantification Methodologies, Tools, and Emissions Factors                  The Climate Registry (TCR) - http://www.theclimateregistry.org/ World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) http://www.ghgprotocol.org/ Seattle Climate Partnership - http://seattleclimatepartnership.org/tools/index.html#tool Ecology Mobile Source Tool (Ecology) http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/pdfs/ghgfleetcalculator.xls EPA Reporting Rule - http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html IPCC Emissions Factor Database (IPCC) - http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php The Climate Action Reserve (CAR) - http://www.climateactionreserve.org EPA WARM Model http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html Department of Commerce GHG Emissions Planning Tools (Commerce) http://www.commerce.wa.gov/site/1277/default.aspx WSDOT Commute Trip Reduction Program (CTR) - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/TDM/CTR U.S Department of Energy 1605b (DOE 1605b) http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/reporting_tools.html U.S Forest Service Carbon Lookup Tables (U.S Forest Service) - http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8192 URBEMIS - http://www.urbemis.com/ Energy Information Agency End Use Consumption Data (EIA) http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption/index.html Athena Institute EcoCalculator (Athena) - http://www.athenasmi.org/index.html National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Life-cycle Inventory Database http://www.nrel.gov/lci/ Fehr & Peers VMT spreadsheets - http://coolconnections.org/solutions/