Attachment 2: GHG Emissions Quantification Methodologies

The following table lists various sources of GHG emissions as well as potential quantification methodologies and mitigation options for each source. These

emissions sources can be evaluated quantitatively or qualitatively to address greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Not all categories must be quantified or

mitigated.

GHG Emission

Sources

Definition and Examples

Emissions

Scope

Quantification Methodologies,

Tools, and Emission Factors*

Potential Mitigation Options†

On-Road

Mobile Sources

Owned mobile sources operating both

within the Proponent’s facility and off-

site

Scope 1

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 Ecology

 EIA

 URBEMIS

 Efficient vehicles

 Alternative fuel vehicles

 Site location

 Video conferencing

Non-Road

Mobile Sources

Owned non-road mobile sources used for

construction, maintenance, and facility

operation (e.g. heavy machinery,

maintenance equipment, trains, and

boats)

Scope 1

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 Ecology

 URBEMIS

 Efficient vehicles

 Alternative fuel vehicles

 Site location

Stationary

Combustion

On-site combustion emissions from

company-owned equipment (e.g. heat

and cooling)

Scope 1

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 EPA Reporting Rule

 EIA

 URBEMIS

 Building design and operation

 Energy efficiencies

Industrial

Processes

Non-combustion emissions resulting from

certain industrial processes

Scope 1

 TCR

 EPA Reporting Rule

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 Facility operation

 Methane destruction

 High-global warming potential gas

destruction

Fugitive

Emissions

Non-combustion emissions from owned

resources (e.g. landfill gases, natural gas

transmission, electricity transmission,

refrigeration, and air conditioning)

Scope 1

 TCR

 EPA Reporting Rule

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 Facility operation

 Methane destruction

 High-global warming potential gas

destruction

GHG Emission

Sources

Definition and Examples

Emissions

Scope

Quantification Methodologies,

Tools, and Emission Factors*

Potential Mitigation Options†

Agricultural

Emissions

Non-combustion emissions from

agriculture (e.g. manure management,

fertilizer application, enteric

fermentation, and soil preparation)

Scope 1

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 DOE 1605b

 CAR

 Methane destruction

 Waste reduction

 Organic or low input agriculture

Land Use

Change

Emissions from land use changes and

aquatic vegetation disturbance, including

lost sequestration from forest clearing

Scope 1

 DOE 1605b

 U.S Forest Service

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 CAR

 Site design and location

 Low impact development

Purchased

Electricity and

Steam

Off-site emissions produced to generate

purchased electricity or steam

Scope 2

 TCR

 EPA eGRID

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 EIA

 URBEMIS

 Building design and operation

 Energy efficiencies

Construction

Combustion emissions from leased or

contractor on-road and non-road mobile

sources used as part of construction,

including off-site haul trucks during

construction

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 Ecology

 URBEMIS

 Efficient vehicles

 Alternative fuel vehicles

 Site Location

Extraction,

Processing, and

Transportation

of Construction

Materials

Emissions produced in the mining,

harvest, processing, and transportation of

materials purchased for construction of

the project (e.g. cement, metals, plastics,

wood)

Scope 3

 IPCC

 EPA WARM

 Athena

 NREL

 Sustainable building materials

 Waste reduction

 Reused building materials

 Alternative and renewable fuels

 Low carbon shipping modes

 Locally sourced materials

Extraction,

Processing, and

Transportation

of Project

Feedstocks

Emissions produced in the mining,

harvest, processing, and transportation of

materials that will be used as feedstocks

by the project when operational

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 EPA WARM

 Athena

 Sustainable building materials

 Waste reduction

 Reused building materials

 Alternative and renewable fuels

Emissions From

the Future

Combustion of

Fossil Fuels

Emissions that will result from the

combustion of fossil fuels transported,

distributed or imported as a result of the

project (e.g. natural gas pipeline)

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 EPA Reporting Rule

 Energy efficiency investments

 Alternative and renewable fuels

GHG Emission

Sources

Definition and Examples

Emissions

Scope

Quantification Methodologies,

Tools, and Emission Factors*

Potential Mitigation Options†

Employee

Commute

Combustion emissions from employee

commuting both during project

construction and operation

Scope 3

 TCR

 CTR

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 URBEMIS

 Fehr & Peers

 Efficient and alternative fueled

vehicles and infrastructure

 Site location

 Public transit infrastructure and

incentives

 Bike/ped accessibility

Other Mobile

Emissions

Mobile emissions from vehicle trips and

traffic pattern changes that result from a

project (e.g. changes in traffic pattern,

customer vehicle emissions, increased

commute distances, and emergency

services)

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 Ecology

 URBEMIS

 Fehr & Peers

 Efficient and alternative fueled

vehicles

 Site location

 Public transit infrastructure and

incentives

 Bike/ped accessibility

Water Use and

Wastewater

Disposal

Combustion and fugitive emissions

created to provide water and dispose of

wastewater (e.g. pumping energy and

POTW fugitive methane)

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 Low impact development

 Site location

 Methane destruction

 Reuse water

Waste

Management

Emissions from off-site solid waste

disposal of construction, agriculture, and

MSW, including transportation of waste

and fugitive emissions from disposal

Scope 3

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 IPCC

 CAR

 Seattle Climate Partnership

 EPA WARM

 Waste reduction

 Methane destruction

 Low carbon transportation

Product Use

Emissions that result from the use and

disposal of products generated for sale by

the project, including combustion of fuels

manufactured or distributed by the

proposed facility

Scope 3

 EPA WARM

 TCR

 WRI/WBCSD

 Seattle Climate Partnership

*The following list is illustrative showing some good sources for quantification tools, protocols, and emissions factors that can be used to quantitatively assess emissions from each of these sources.

It is not meant to be exhaustive. We are not advocating the use of these methodologies for determining acceptable error rates for assessing emissions. Tools in italics are simple models that can be

used to estimate the magnitude of future emissions.

†These are general examples of mitigation options for various emissions sources. This list is not meant to be comprehensive.

Quantification Methodologies, Tools, and Emissions Factors

 The Climate Registry (TCR) - http://www.theclimateregistry.org/

 World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) -

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/

 Seattle Climate Partnership - http://seattleclimatepartnership.org/tools/index.html#tool

 Ecology Mobile Source Tool (Ecology) -

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/pdfs/ghgfleetcalculator.xls

 EPA Reporting Rule - http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html

 IPCC Emissions Factor Database (IPCC) - http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php

 The Climate Action Reserve (CAR) - http://www.climateactionreserve.org

 EPA WARM Model -

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html

 Department of Commerce GHG Emissions Planning Tools (Commerce) -

http://www.commerce.wa.gov/site/1277/default.aspx

 WSDOT Commute Trip Reduction Program (CTR) - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/TDM/CTR

 U.S Department of Energy 1605b (DOE 1605b) -

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/reporting_tools.html

 U.S Forest Service Carbon Lookup Tables (U.S Forest Service) - http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8192

 URBEMIS - http://www.urbemis.com/

 Energy Information Agency End Use Consumption Data (EIA) -

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption/index.html

 Athena Institute EcoCalculator (Athena) - http://www.athenasmi.org/index.html

 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Life-cycle Inventory Database -

http://www.nrel.gov/lci/

 Fehr & Peers VMT spreadsheets - http://coolconnections.org/solutions/